Diagnosis: Risk factors for bladder carcinoma
• Bladder carcinoma is the fourth most common carcinoma occurring in men, and the second most common urologic malignancy. The M:F ratio is 3to 4:1.
• Approximately 70% of bladder tumors present as “superficial tumors,” which include noninvasive tumors, as well as tumors invading the lamina propria.
• The incidence of recurrence of these superficial tumors ranges from 50% to 70% and 10% to 20% of them will progress into higher stage tumors.
• Risk factors for bladder carcinoma are divided into three categories: genetic and molecular, chemical and environmental, and chronic irritation to include infectious causes.